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Intermediate

The Environment and Where People Live

T3 Theme 3: Communication and the world around us

Aligned to the AQA 8692 specification

Level
Intermediate
Reading time
7 min
Published
11 July 2026
On this page
  1. 1.Environmental Problems
  2. 2.Solutions and Protecting the Planet
  3. 3.Expressing Obligation: What We Must Do
  4. 4.Talking About the Future and Consequences
  5. 5.Where People Live: Town versus Country
  6. 6.House and Home
  7. 7.Common Mistakes

Key takeaways

  • Name the problems: la contaminación (pollution), el cambio climático (climate change), el calentamiento global (global warming).
  • Name the solutions: reciclar (to recycle), ahorrar energía (to save energy), reducir el plástico (to reduce plastic).
  • Express obligation with hay que + infinitive (one must), deber + infinitive (should) and tener que + infinitive (to have to).
  • hay que is impersonal: it has no subject and never changes form.
  • El medio ambiente and el problema are masculine despite their endings.

Environmental Problems

Answers on this topic start by naming the problems. Learn each noun with its gender and a matching verb.

EspañolEnglish
el medio ambientethe environment
la contaminaciónpollution
el cambio climáticoclimate change
el calentamiento globalglobal warming
el efecto invernaderothe greenhouse effect
la basurarubbish
la deforestacióndeforestation
la sequíadrought
las especies en peligro de extinciónendangered species
contaminarto pollute
destruirto destroy

Worked example: La contaminación del aire y el cambio climático son los problemas más graves de hoy en día. — Air pollution and climate change are the most serious problems of today.

El medio ambiente is masculine and written as two words. Watch el problema too: it is masculine despite ending in -a, so write el problema más grave.

Solutions and Protecting the Planet

For every problem, examiners want a solution. These verbs and phrases describe what people can do.

EspañolEnglish
reciclarto recycle
el reciclajerecycling
ahorrar energía / aguato save energy / water
reducirto reduce
reutilizarto reuse
apagar las lucesto turn off the lights
usar el transporte públicoto use public transport
proteger el medio ambienteto protect the environment
las energías renovablesrenewable energy
la energía solar / eólicasolar / wind energy
plantar árbolesto plant trees

Worked example: Para proteger el planeta, debemos reciclar la basura y usar el transporte público. — To protect the planet, we must recycle rubbish and use public transport.

The "three Rs" translate neatly: reducir, reutilizar, reciclar. Learning them as a group gives you an instant, memorable answer.

Expressing Obligation: What We Must Do

The environment is all about what we should and must do, so the key structures are obligation phrases followed by an infinitive.

EstructuraEnglishEjemplo
hay que + infinitivoone must / it is necessary toHay que ahorrar agua.
deber + infinitivomust / shouldDebemos reciclar más.
tener que + infinitivoto have toTenemos que reducir el plástico.
se debe / se puede + infinitivoone should / canSe puede usar la bici.

hay que is impersonal: it has no subject and stays the same in every sentence. Compare it with deber and tener que, which conjugate to match the person:

Personadebertener que
yodebotengo que
debestienes que
nosotrosdebemostenemos que
ellosdebentienen que

Worked example: Hay que reciclar, y todos tenemos que ahorrar energía en casa. — One must recycle, and we all have to save energy at home.

Talking About the Future and Consequences

To warn about consequences, move from the present into the future tense (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án added to the infinitive). This shows off a second tense.

InfinitivoFuturo (él / ella)English
sufrirsufriráwill suffer
poderpodráwill be able to
haberhabráthere will be
serseráwill be

Worked examples:

  • Si no hacemos nada, el planeta sufrirá. — If we do nothing, the planet will suffer.
  • Si todos reciclamos, podremos salvar el medio ambiente. — If we all recycle, we will be able to save the environment.
  • En el futuro habrá más energías renovables. — In the future there will be more renewable energy.

Deberíamos (we should) is the conditional of deber and softens advice nicely: Deberíamos usar menos plástico. — We should use less plastic.

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Where People Live: Town versus Country

The topic also covers where people live. Contrast the city (la ciudad) and the countryside (el campo) with comparatives.

EspañolEnglish
la ciudadthe city
el campothe countryside
el pueblothe village / town
las afuerasthe outskirts
el barriothe neighbourhood
ruidoso / tranquilonoisy / quiet
limpio / sucioclean / dirty
animadolively

Worked examples:

  • La ciudad es más ruidosa que el campo. — The city is noisier than the countryside.
  • En el campo hay menos contaminación y el aire es más limpio. — In the countryside there is less pollution and the air is cleaner.
  • Prefiero vivir en las afueras porque son más tranquilas. — I prefer living on the outskirts because it is quieter.

Remember that adjectives agree: la ciudad ruidosa, los pueblos tranquilos.

House and Home

Where you live includes your home. These nouns let you describe a house or flat in the Speaking and Writing papers.

EspañolEnglish
la casathe house
el pisothe flat / apartment
el hogarthe home
el dormitoriothe bedroom
la cocinathe kitchen
el salónthe living room
el cuarto de bañothe bathroom
el jardínthe garden
una casa adosadaa semi-detached / terraced house
arriba / abajoupstairs / downstairs

Worked example: Vivo en un piso en el centro de la ciudad. Tiene tres dormitorios, una cocina y un salón grande. — I live in a flat in the city centre. It has three bedrooms, a kitchen and a large living room.

Combine the topics for a rich answer: Prefiero vivir en el campo porque es más tranquilo y hay menos contaminación. — I prefer living in the countryside because it is quieter and there is less pollution.

Common Mistakes

1. Conjugating hay que

Hay que is impersonal and stays fixed: hay que reciclar. Do not write hemos que or try to make it agree with a subject.

2. Getting the gender of key nouns wrong

El medio ambiente, el problema, el clima and el calentamiento are all masculine. In contrast, la contaminación and la basura are feminine.

3. Conjugating the verb after an obligation structure

The verb after hay que, deber or tener que stays as an infinitive: debemos reciclar, not debemos reciclamos.

4. Adjective agreement with problems and places

Adjectives agree in gender and number: una ciudad sucia, unos pueblos limpios, las especies en peligro.

5. Spelling reciclar

It is spelled with a c, not an s: reciclar, el reciclaje. Say the sounds carefully in the dictation and reading-aloud tasks.

Key terms

el medio ambiente
The environment: a masculine, two-word noun, e.g. proteger el medio ambiente (to protect the environment).
hay que + infinitivo
An impersonal obligation structure meaning one must / it is necessary to, which never changes form.
deber + infinitivo
An obligation verb meaning must / should, conjugated to agree with the subject, e.g. debemos reciclar.

Frequently asked questions

Use an obligation structure plus an infinitive: hay que proteger el medio ambiente (one must protect the environment), or debemos proteger el medio ambiente (we must protect the environment).

Pollution is la contaminación and climate change is el cambio climático. Global warming is el calentamiento global and the greenhouse effect is el efecto invernadero.

Hay que + infinitive is impersonal and never conjugates (one must). Tener que + infinitive is personal and agrees with the subject: tengo que reciclar (I have to recycle).

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